So what does God mean in Exodus 34 when he says, “I am making a covenant”? Let's be clear: in one sense there is only one Mosaic Covenant. In all the rest of the scriptures, there is only one Mosaic Covenant.
Just like there is only one Abrahamic Covenant – even though God made a covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15, and then many years later, in Genesis 17, God makes a covenant with Abraham! And then God says that he will establish his covenant with Isaac. Are these all separate covenants?
No, all of God’s dealings with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, are all gathered together in the rest of scripture under the rubric of God’s covenant (singular) with Abraham.
In the same way, there are at least three distinct covenant-makings with Israel in the days of Moses: - Exodus 19-24 is the original covenant-making. - Here in Exodus 32-34 the covenant is further developed. - And then in Deuteronomy 29-30, the covenant is further developed and applied to the next generation.
And the reason for this second covenant-making is because the original covenant was broken...
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